Which document asserts the right against excessive fines and punishments?

The correct choice is that the right against excessive fines and punishments is asserted in the Constitution of the United States, specifically in the Eighth Amendment. This amendment explicitly prohibits the imposition of excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, reflecting a fundamental principle of justice that has been recognized in the American legal system.

While the English Bill of Rights, the Magna Carta, and the Declaration of Independence are all significant historical documents that influenced the development of legal and constitutional principles, they do not contain the specific assertion of the right against excessive fines and punishments in the way that the Eighth Amendment does. The English Bill of Rights focuses on rights related to parliamentary governance and individual liberties but does not detail this particular issue. The Magna Carta, while it introduced concepts of legal rights, similarly does not explicitly mention excessive fines or punishments. The Declaration of Independence primarily addresses self-governance and the rights of individuals but does not include specific legal protections like those found in the Constitution.